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India is home to diverse cultures and traditions that have long recognized and celebrated the existence of indigenous transgender communities. These communities, such as hijras, aravanis, jogappas, and others, hold a significant place in the country's history and cultural fabric. In this detailed review blog, we will explore the lives, traditions, and challenges faced by these indigenous transgender communities in India, highlighting their resilience, cultural contributions, and the importance of embracing diversity.
Hijras: Embodying the Spirit of Third Gender Identity
Hijras, officially recognized as the third gender in Indian society, have a distinct cultural identity. They have a documented presence in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times, as evidenced by references found in texts such as the Kama Sutra. The ancient Kama Sutra mentions the performance of fellatio by individuals of a third sex. This passage has been interpreted in various ways, including men desiring other men, eunuchs disguised as males or females, male and female transgender individuals assuming opposite-gender appearances, or two types of biological males. The Puranas identify three types of divine beings associated with music and dance: apsaras, Gandharvas, and Kinnars. The Manu Smriti discusses the biological origins of sexes and the possibility of the emergence of a third sex with the equal prevalence of male and female 'seed'.
There is a common misconception in Indian society that hijras are intersex, asexual, and impotent. However, it is important to note that this belief is not entirely accurate, as many hijras lead sexually active lives and engage in relationships.
Presently, numerous hijras reside in structured and organized communities exclusively composed of hijras, overseen by a guru. These communities have endured for generations, providing refuge for individuals facing extreme poverty, sexual abuse, or those who have been ostracized or forced to leave their biological families.
They have historically been recognized and respected, fulfilling ceremonial roles and playing an important part in religious and social events. However, hijras also face discrimination and marginalization, particularly in terms of access to healthcare, education, and employment opportunities. Despite these challenges, hijras continue to assert their identity, advocate for their rights, and contribute to the cultural landscape of India.
Aravanis: Guardians of Sacred Myths and Legends
Aravanis, also known as Thirunangais, hold a revered status in certain regions of India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. They are considered the embodiment of Aravan, a deity from Hindu mythology.
In the Mahabharata, Aravan, the son of Pandava prince Arjuna and Naga princess Ulupi, holds significance in various cults and traditions. He is revered as a central deity in the cult of Kuttantavar and is worshipped as a village deity in Tamil Nadu, where he is known as Aravan. Aravan is also regarded as a patron god by intersex communities known as Alis or Aravanis. Before the Kurukshetra War, Aravan offers his lifeblood to goddess Kali for the victory of the Pandavas, and Lord Krishna (as Mohini) marries him upon his request to experience marriage before his imminent death. This connection has led hijras in South India to consider Aravan as their progenitor and identify themselves as aravanis.
In the festival of Koovagam, the Aravanis engage in a sacred ritual of marrying the Hindu god Aravan, followed by solemn mourning for his ritual death that spans over 18 days. Aravanis play an integral role in religious festivals and rituals, showcasing their cultural significance. However, like other transgender communities, aravanis face societal stigma and limited acceptance, which highlights the importance of fostering inclusivity and understanding.
Jogappas: Guardians of Tradition and Devotion
Jogappas are transgender women who follow a distinct cultural tradition primarily in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. They are devotees of the goddess Yellamma and are known for their unique rituals, dances, and music.
Being a jogappas holds significant advantages (over Hijras) for the transgender community in India. Firstly, unlike hijras, becoming a jogappas is not seen as a matter of choice but as a selection by Yellamma, a tradition that carries profound meaning. Secondly, jogappas are considered to have been bestowed with a sense of divinity, accompanied by supernatural powers for healing and fortunetelling. This elevated status allows them to express their true selves without needing to leave their families or join a new familial structure. However, such a transformation within the family dynamics is not without its challenges and obstacles.
Jogappas however do face social and economic challenges, including limited access to healthcare and discrimination. Despite these obstacles, they remain resilient in preserving their cultural heritage and spreading awareness about their identity and experiences.
This article is in no way an exhaustive look at the indigenous transgender community in India but only sheds some light on the lives and experiences of indigenous transgender communities in India, by doing so we can foster a greater understanding and appreciation for their rich cultural contributions. It is essential to support their rights, provide inclusive spaces, and work towards creating a society that respects and embraces diversity.
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